Appendix

Table 1. Rates of HD access for Māori and European offenders.


Measure

Māori
(N = 4023)

NZ European
(N = 2751)

p

Relative Risk
(95% CI)

% Granted leave to apply for HD at sentencing

29.1

39.0

<.0001

1.34
(1.25-1.43)

% Granted HD by Parole Board

10.7

19.3

<.0001

1.80
(1.60-2.02)


Table 2. Summary of fitted logistic regression models for measures of access to HD.

Leave to apply for HD at sentencing

 

Unadjusted Model

Covariate Adjusted Model

Measure

B (SE)

p

B (SE)

p

Intercept

-1.331 (.080)

<.0001

-2.242 (.258)

<.0001

NZ European

.422 (.053)

<.0001

.192 (.060)

.0013

Male

 

 

-.333 (.091)

.0003

Age at sentencing

 

 

-.008 (.003)

.015

ROC ROI

 

 

-1.362 (.207)

<.0001

Age <20 at first sentence

 

 

.233 (.077)

.003

Offence seriousness 1

 

 

-3.557 (.239)

<.0001

Offending history 2

 

 

-3.276 (.276)

<.0001



1. Offence seriousness is a linear composite of the following factors: most serious offence group; sentence seriousness and sentence length. It is scored so that a higher score implies greater offence seriousness.

2. Offending history is a linear composite of the following factors: number of previous custodial sentences, all indicators of previous sexual or violent offences, gang membership, previous breaches of sentence convictions and previous sentences involving community work or supervision. It is scored such that a higher score implies a worse offending history.

Granted HD by Parole Board

 

Unadjusted Model

Covariate Adjusted Model

Measure

B (SE)

p

B (SE)

p

Intercept

-2.808 (.113)

<.0001

4.970 (.512)

<.0001

NZ European

.688 (.070)

<.0001

.348 (.100)

.0005

Male

 

 

-.636 (.140)

<.0001

Age at sentencing

 

 

-.013 (.006)

.016

ROC ROI

 

 

-1.966 (.350)

<.0001

Age <20 at first sentence

 

 

.120 (.123)

.34

Offence seriousness 1

 

 

-4.289 (.489)

<.0001

Offending history 2

 

 

-2.850 (.478)

<.0001

Leave to apply at sentencing

 

 

-5.441 (.338)

<.0001



1. Offence seriousness is a linear composite of the following factors: most serious offence group; sentence seriousness and sentence length. It is scored so that a higher score implies greater offence seriousness.

2. Offending history is a linear composite of the following factors: number of previous custodial sentences, all indicators of previous sexual or violent offences, gang membership, previous breaches of sentence convictions and previous sentences involving community work or supervision. It is scored such that a higher score implies a worse offending history.

Table 3. Rates of HD access for Māori and European offenders after adjustment for offender characteristics, offence seriousness and offending history.


Measure

Māori

NZ European

Adjusted Relative Risk

% Granted leave to apply for HD at sentencing

31.9

35.5

1.11

% Granted HD by Parole Board

13.1

15.5

1.18